Surrogacy Traditional And Gestational Surrogacy

Surrogacy is arrangement in which a woman is hired to carry and give birth to a child who will then be given to another couple or person. The child is usually related to the birth mother, but in some cases, may be related to the surrogate mother. Maria Trimarchi (2008) from a health article on infertility, informs readers of the â€Å"two types of surrogacy: traditional and gestational†. With traditional surrogacy, the surrogate mother s egg is utilized and then fertilized and this makes her the genetic mother of the child. In gestational surrogacy, the egg is provided by the intended mother or a donor (Trimarchi, 2008). The egg is fertilized through In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) and then placed inside the surrogate mother (Cheung, 2014).†¦show more content†¦A woman battling Crohn’s disease had â€Å"frozen embryos created with her eggs and a friend s sperm [which] were implanted in a surrogate† because she did not want to risk carrying a child (Cohen, 2013). Carrying a child could have negatively affected her and the child’s health if she were to become pregnant and could have proven to be fatal. This process can be used for men who have cancer and want to have children in the future, whether it is by themselves or with a partner. This is the only way for couples to have biological children of their own, especially for couples where one partner is sick and could possibly be infertile. Surrogacy not only helps infertile men and women, but has also been helpful to homosexual couples because they face physical barriers that do not allow these couples to bear biological children. A child can only be conceived when opposite sex cells combine and because homosexual couples have the same sex cells they are not able to have a child. One clinic in Los Angeles was created to help these couples find surrogate mothers and was â€Å"responsible for over 300 births† for gay couples in 2005 (Bellafante, 2005). However, in certain countries gay rights have not been granted because it contradicts the religion of the country. In India, gay marriages are not legally recognized by the government, so gay couples there are not allowed to pursue surrogacy. Thailand’s government has been known to be moreShow MoreRelatedTraditional Surrogacy And Gestational Surrogacy1381 Words   |  6 PagesHOW Surrogacy is the arrangement of a birth of a child when the parents are not actually childbearing. This involves a legal agreement between the surrogate and parents, that puts the child under the care of the parents immediately after birth. The surrogate has no legal ties to the baby and formally renounces her rights as a parent to the child. There are many different types of surrogacy and ways in which one can do this procedure. Traditional surrogacy and gestational surrogacy are two of theRead MoreThe Role Of Traditional And Gestational Surrogacy1212 Words   |  5 Pagestypes of surrogacy, which are traditional and gestational surrogacy. Traditional surrogacy is defined as the â€Å"sperm from either the couple’s male partner or a donor is used to artificially inseminate the surrogate (the â€Å"surrogate mother†). (Vaughn, 398) Then there is Gestational surrogacy, which is defined as â€Å"the surrogate receives a transferred embryo created through IVF using the sperm and egg of others (the contracting couple of donors). Because the gestational (also called the gestational carrier)Read MoreModern Surrogacy: Choosing between Traditional or Gestational1193 Words   |  5 Pagesand Sarah have a child by Sarah’s maidservant Hagar (NIV Genesis 16:1-4). So surrogacy in its most basic form—a woman birthing a child for another person of couple—is not a new concept. However, it is prohibited or void and unenforceable in five states. What is it about modern surrogacy that do people not like? What even is modern surrogacy? There are two types of surrogacy: traditional and gestational. Traditional surrogacy is a contractual situation in which a woman becomes impregnated, by artificialRead MoreEssay on Surrogate Motherhood912 Words   |  4 Pagesof surrogacy, traditional and gestational. The traditional type of surrogacy involves the surrogate mother being (AI) artificially inseminated with the sperm of the intended father or spe rm from a donor when the sperm count is low. In either case the surrogate’s own egg will be used. Genetically the surrogate becomes the mother of the resulting child (Storey). Although there are two different types of surrogacy, a traditional surrogacy is rarely seen or done anymore. In gestational surrogacy, theRead MoreShould Parenthood Be Legal?1133 Words   |  5 Pagesof conceiving and/or carrying a child. Couples have a few options if pregnancy continues to be a struggle. Surrogacy, a controversial but yet popular alternative, allows people to have their dreams come true at a costly rate. Although many alternatives for pregnancy do exist, many people in the world today choose surrogacy as their best bet. According to Surrogate Mothers Online, surrogacy is the process when a woman â€Å"carries a child from someone else, usually an infertile couple† (Jenn Z 1). ThisRead MoreThe Legal Consent Of Gestational Surrogacy1162 Words   |  5 Pagescontract of surrogacy†? Based on the legal binding gestational surrogacy contract. The Merits At issue in this petition is whether the determination by the trial court, should the child be turned over to Julie Williams. In light, of this judgement solely based on prior gestational agreement forms, Julie Williams is requesting that the decision be overturned and the surrogate turn over the child. Currently there are several federal statutes governing the disposition of gestational surrogacy. ThereRead MoreSurrogacy Tragically, many women who want to have children, simply cannot. The women who decide1800 Words   |  8 PagesSurrogacy Tragically, many women who want to have children, simply cannot. The women who decide that they still want children generally are left with two different options: adoptions or surrogacy. Those who want to have a biological connection to one, or both, parents, sometimes turn to surrogacy as an alternative to surrogacy (Glazer 98). What is surrogacy? Surrogacy is the process by which a woman carries a child conceived (through donor insemination or in virto fertilization (IVF)) with herRead MoreIndia: A Destination for International Surrogacy Essay793 Words   |  4 PagesCOMMERCIAL SURROGACY SUB THEME INDIA: A DESTINATION FOR INTERNATIONAL SURROGACY DEFINATIONS To understand any topic in full, its necessary to know the meanings of the terms related to it. Hence the paper will start with definitions of the terms of the sub theme. It will help and enhance better understanding of the topic. INDIA is a country which is at the centre of commercial surrogacy. Surrogacy happens in a lot of other countries but not at such a commercial level. It has almostRead MoreSurrogacy And The Adoption Of The Surrogate1648 Words   |  7 PagesQ1) As a doctor how would you deconstruct the concept of surrogacy for our readers who may want to go in for the option? Please elucidate with two different types of surrogacy etc A1) Surrogacy is a process in which a woman carries and delivers a baby for someone else because of some problems involving the intended parents. The women who delivers is the gestational surrogate or carrier. The parents are called as â€Å"intended parents†. They are fully involved in the pregnancy, present at birth and becomeRead MoreThe Cause and Effects of Surrogate Mother1680 Words   |  7 Pageschoose to be surrogate mothers are poverty and kind human being, and its result in physical and mental effects to the surrogate mother. II. Surrogacy is often done or committed is because of poverty. A. Effects of poverty 1. Hunger 2. Sickness B. Surrogacy is becoming a growing business. 1. Earn more money in order to overcome their hardship III. Surrogacy is being done by people. A. Help relative that could not reproduce offspring 1. Strengthen the bonds between family members B. Surrogate

My Lai †Culpability of Guilt Free Essays

Series Vietnam: A Television History.   The solider was describing the reasons why the American soldiers turned on the civilians whom they were sent to protect during the Vietnam War. The same soldier would start sobbing uncontrollably as he would go on to state, â€Å"You don’t remember the enemy that you shot and killed. We will write a custom essay sample on My Lai – Culpability of Guilt or any similar topic only for you Order Now But you always remember the 58 year old woman you shot and killed because she was running away. And she was running away because you were threatening to shoot her.† The Vietnam War was no more ugly than any other war in history, but it was the first war that had aired uncensored on American television. This time, there would be no illusory tales of grandeur that would put mythic heroics onto the exploits after they war came to a close. The blood of the Vietnam War had been captured for eternity. â€Å"Although popular sentiment among the lower classes for the [North Vietnamese Army] was not strong, there was still a great desire for independence.† (Morrison 17) This is not to say there were no noble intentions or heroic actions. Many Americans served their country honorably and in a noble manner. Their deeds, however, would forever be overshadowed by the atrocities committed by American soldiers who assaulted a free fire zone in the town of My Lai, a town that was primarily occupied by civilian women and children. The soldiers that went to Vietnam were normal, everyday young adults. Some were volunteers and some were conscripted, but none were murderers before they went to Vietnam. Even under the conditions of war, they did not easily crack or lose their humanity, yet, for some reason they snapped under pressure and followed orders that resulted in the death of many innocent civilians. Were they entirely guilty for their actions or were their actions justifiable under the conditions of war? Did the directives of their superiors absolve them of guilt? Was the stress they were under a driving force behind their decisions? Or had the military’s policy of dehumanizing the enemy play the vital role in their decisions? Most of all, would these factors absolve them of guilt? In order to understand the culpability of guilt, one needs to clearly understand what actually occurred in the village of My Lai on the day of the incident. March 16th, 1968: A company of the 23rd Infantry Division commanded by Lt. William Calley slaughters 347 unarmed civilians (including a dozen babies as young as one month of age) at the hamlet of Song My (My Lai 4) in Vietnam’s southern zone. Although Calley’s superiors observe the massacre from helicopters and its true nature known to higher ups, it is falsely cast as an intense firefight in which 128 â€Å"enemy soldiers† were killed. Only when a former soldier forces the incident into public view a year later is an extremely limited official investigation initiated. (Churchill 141) Needless to say, this description hardly sounds as if there is a lack of guilt on the part of the soldiers. This description of the incident also points the finger at the higher ups in the military and places blame on those who were knowledgeable about the incident, as they not only did nothing to punish those who took part in the incident, but so  casually ignored the massacre, that it would appear that such an incident may not have been entirely out of the ordinary. What is it that would lead the soldiers to launch such a massive offensive against the civilians? What reduced the moral qualms about taking such violent action against noncombatants? Part of the reason is a issue that is endemic to all military conflicts. Throughout the history of warfare throughout the world, there needs to be a certain instillation of a psychological attitude into a soldier in order to make the soldier acceptable to taking part in such wide-scale slaughter. This psychological instillation involves the dehumanization of the enemy in the eyes of the soldier. That is, the enemy is never portrayed as a human being. Rather, the enemy is always presented in a derogatory manner so as to appear less than human. After all, it is much easier to kill someone who is not seen as â€Å"someone†, but rather seen as â€Å"something†. In Vietnam, the soldiers were generally referred to under the derogatory term as â€Å"gook†. (Davis) As such, they are not presented as a real person, but rather as an object of a subhuman animal. For years, this was considered necessary or the troops may have not taken full action when in a combat situation. However, such derogatory attitudes also remove a great deal of the moral qualms that soldiers may have during situations where moral qualms might be necessary in order to make the judgment calls that would be required in a situation that needs restraint. Further complicating the matter is the fact that as the Vietnam War dragged on, many of the members of the military were drafted. They were not â€Å"real† soldiers so they were far more prone to cracking under the pressure of the highly brutal Vietnam conflict. It was an ugly war and many â€Å"average† people off the street were rushed through boot-camp and then off to the jungles of Southeast Asia. Such inexperience and reservations to combat combined with an out of control war have all the elements for mental breakdowns and psychological behavior. â€Å"A complete lack of understanding of the terrain and the culture of the people who inhabited contributed to the chaos.†Ã‚   (Windrow 55) This, of course, leads to the very important question, â€Å"Does this absolve the individuals who committed the atrocities of guilt?† Under the letter of the law, the answer is absolutely not. The random slaughter of civilians is not justifiable under any circumstances. There simple is no â€Å"good excuse† or a deliberate act of genocide. This guilt, however, does not mean that one should not examine the reasons behind the creation of the environment that lead to the deliberate massacre. Military and international law (drawing from precedents derived from the Nuremberg trials) clearly states that â€Å"following orders† is not an acceptable defense for a war crime. Much of the problems with the war in Vietnam were directly related to the American populace’s total misunderstanding of Vietnam and its history. Vietnam had fought several centuries long war of independence with the Chinese. It also fought a hundred years war with French colonialists and also occupying Japanese forces. The country’s goals were to free itself from foreign rule. While the United States saw itself as liberating the nation from communism, the general population simply wanted self determination. While the communist regimes that ended up controlling Vietnam were as brutal, if not worse, than the foreign occupying forces, at the time, the â€Å"hearts and minds† of the people were not with the American forces so the war quickly became a situation that was not winnable for the US troops. As such, the war trudged on without any clear  goal or end in sight. Only two viable options existed to end US involvement: withdraw and surrender; or drop an atomic bomb of Hanoi. The third option, perpetual aerial and ground war, simply dragged on forever costing an incalculable number of lives on both sides. This aerial assault also included large amounts of napalm bombs that made the landscape of war even more vicious. (Franklin)   From this, the entire landscape of the Vietnam War was one of mayhem that led to unspeakable acts on both sides. Ultimately, however, no one truly faced punishment from the massacre at My Lai. Lt. Calley saw a mere 3  ½ years of house arrest before President Nixon pardoned him. The deaths of those civilians have never been justly punished. So, was there ever a lesson that comes from these deaths? There were many lessons that were learned from the Vietnam War, particularly lessons derived from the horror of the My Lai massacre. If anything, the My Lai massacre shows what will result from the evils of dehumanizing the enemy and not instilling a sense of clear moral guidelines in soldiers so they understand the difference between an act of war and an act of genocide. Clearly, the military brass and the officials in the government must realize that they are culpable for such actions and must be held accountable to the public. The United States never truly recovered from the disaster of the Vietnam War as its specter hangs over the military to this very day. Perhaps, it is haunted by the ghosts of My Lai. Works Cited The American Experience. Vietnam: A Television History. PBS DVD. 1983. Churchill, Ward. On The Justice of Roosting Chickens. Oakland: AK Press, 2004. Davis, Peter. Hearts and Minds. Criterion Collection DVD. 1974 Franklin, H. Bruce. Vietnam and other American Fantasies. Boston: University of Massachusetts Press, 2000. Morrison, Wilbur H. The Elephant the Tiger: The Full Story of the Vietnam War. New York: Hippocrene, 1990. Windrow, Martin. The Last Valley. Cambridge: De Capo Press, 2005.       How to cite My Lai – Culpability of Guilt, Essay examples

Business of Travel and Tourism for Destination - myassignmenthelp

Question: In tourism, individuals have an opportunity to experience that which is different and to live, momentarily at least, extraordinary lives. Do you agree? Why / why not? Answer: Introduction In this paper, various different models that are proposed according to the view of researchers in support of the statement that in tourism the individuals have an opportunity to experience that which is different and to live, momentarily at least, extraordinary lives is being discussed. The phenomenological analysis of the holiday processes of tourism and the principal outcome along with experiencing and also experiences are put forth. The structure that is proposed in the literature will create new opportunities for consolidating the context. In addition to this, to the managers and the researchers it is a chance for improving the outcomes for both the destinations and tourist. As per Becker, the guidance provided by research of leisure and recreation holiday tourism will be having the chance of becoming the diverse field of study which will be promoting the benefits that are associated with the subjective experiencing and the self-development since for globalizing the economies holidays are turned out to be the universal need (Becker, 2016). Hence, tourism will become an attractive tool for achieving the holiday outcomes that are desired as it will lead to the extraordinary living conditions when combined with holidays (Buhalis Foerste, 2015). During the holiday time, the equilibrium can be regained by working people, refocus and even restore their complete state of being on the planet, by fortifying their own improvement with the relaxation exercises (Baker, 2014). Therefore occasion tourism is thought to be an unprecedented circumstance as it gives the snapshot of uncommon lives alleviation from the ordinary life and furthermore it is set apart by such a sort of life, to the point that is far from home and work and proceeded by the adaptable pay. A large portion of the commentators contend that uniqueness is lacked by holiday tourism, which is required as the distinct subject or study. Such kind of arguments by Dickinson et al has to be considered seriously since the powerful prototypes of turmoil and the theory of complexity will be highlighting the relationship that exists in the world phenomena instead of reflecting the coexisting realities clearly as it was promoted by Cartesian thinking (Dickinson et al., 2014). Be that as it may, in fact the tourism images are implanted in the regular day to day existences of the general population were for the greater part of the person's vacation tourism is separate as it will bear the cost of the acce ssibility of the significant measure of leisure time for them amid which they can unwind for encountering the world as they are satisfied for. Experiencing The literature on tourism is rich in describing the views regarding the experiences as the outcomes from this will be focusing majorly on the observable behavior along with the satisfaction of experiencing extraordinary lives and motivations. In contrast to this, firstly the tourism experience model will be seeking in understanding the experiencing process itself as the originator of the experiences. This is significant while taking into account, on the one hand, the role of tourist, their rights, and desires for satisfying their experiences and on the other hand the exclusive nature of the destinations that are yet to be associated (Mason, 2015). However, when it is closely examined the understanding towards the experiences is frequently immersed in supply models that are clumsy, which implies the theories of behavioristic stimulus response and are not aware of the subject of experiencing. With a specific end goal to help them and others, the visitor encountering is characterized by TEM as the conflux of what is seen exotically, how it is overseen, and how it is safeguarded in the subsequent experience whereby the self in its change, development, and being is engaged with the experience (Standing, Tang-Taye and Boyer, 2014). By portraying the procedures that are interrelated through which the learning is procured, changed, and adjusted by a person as a component of their decisive being on the planet where we can comprehend the structure of the traveler and perceive their goal. Experiencing authentic exploration Existential tourists, according to (Veijola et al., 2014) are the individuals who have the belief that they would have an extraordinary life and experience happy and meaningful lives elsewhere. The desire of existential tourist is to go native and hence they would be in search of relocating some of the time it can be on a permanent basis to varied places. When compared with other experiential modes of Veijolas that have been described previously, it is the mode full of fantasies and desires along with an association of cultures that are romantic and nostalgic. While it is challenging, by experimental tourist to a certain point that in the existential mode of experience the self is either discovered or renegotiated where the previously indescribable, secretive, unachievable and sublime are interpreted gradually (Veijola et al., 2014). In their relationship, the control and assurance are gained by the individual one over the other. In such case the extraordinary situation becomes routine. While for some of the tourists, for instance, the flamenco experience in Seville at the work of Matteucci might be a simple liminal experience by which the experiences such as self-enriching and ecstatic have been felt which is an extraordinary live situation while a few others had self-transformations deeper which gave rise to new life trajectories. By this, the alternative lifestyles have been adopted or new careers are taken in which central role is occupied by flamenco. Whereas unity is strived by rediscover as a movement by focusing on the activities where the existentialist will be turning more and more outwards for investigating the new environments. When the tourist is back home to the routine life memories gained by him through the tourism as an extraordinary life will become the subject of rediscovery or it might be the subject of new discoveries were that is assumed by them from varied different angles (Xiang, Magnini Fesenmaier, 2015). Locating the research of tourism in experiential space In this area, the commonsense utilization of the tourism display has been exhibited and the cases of the tourism writing have been sorted into the accompanying four methods of encountering. In light of the elaboration, these modes have been seen in the smoothness of remarkable life here the deliberate qualities are demonstrated by the modes however, which recognizes happens and the impacts on the self-are related. Presently here these suspicions have been put for testing to give the diagram and are searching for the gatherings and even individual occasions of writing so as to perceive how precisely they fit into the model. The procedure is thus known as the methodology of interpretation. It is stipulated by (Dickinson et al., 2014) for the insight to take place there is a need for a relationship or a group of relationships. In other way, it can be stated that in the world perceiving body or mind is situated in such a way that both body and world are not separable. Therefore, to consciousness and activity an additional dimension is considered to be the destination of tourist itself since the mental and physical space turns into the interpersonal space (Buhalis Foerste, 2015) whenever the tourist interacts and engages with it. In contrast to the models that have been described previously on tourists in this interrelationship, it can be accounted with the physical and socio-cultural environment. Further, the type of agency that is assumed by the destination is revealed in this interaction. The research instances that are cited will be including the serious leisure perspective of Stebbins and Ciksentmihalyis flow, which is more likely to be based on a consciousness that is self-reflective and activities that are self-directed including collective personalities that are experienced in families and communities (Buhalis Foerste, 2015). In this discourse, it is likewise called attention to that a self-feeling is shown which is some way or another outside the personality driven feeling of self as it seems to identify with the vulnerable body as depicted by (Buhalis and Foerste, 2015). Therefore, experiencing will be related to the type of authentic self of exploratory activity which is clear by having an extraordinary life experience of self-change that is ongoing. Conclusion The opportunity that is promised by the holiday tourism in choosing one of the optimal environments for extraordinary life experience is the place in which the individual chooses to be the way they are striving for. The literature that is discussed and has chosen the methodology of interpretation by using the fundamental of the experiencing to the models framework and has given a practical review, especially regarding the emotional contrasts that has been suggested between the modes of experiencing. Therefore, by making use of different tourism models proposed by various different researchers it has been noticed that at least momentarily an extraordinary life is experienced by people in their tourism, holiday since they can experience the life in a different angle which will keep them away from the routine day work and home. For example, in services of tourism, it has been noticed to change the objective of the functionalities related to the experience and the features of outcome as per the needs of tourists (Uriely, 2005). Reference Becker, E., 2016. Overbooked: the exploding business of travel and tourism. Simon and Schuster. Buhalis, D. and Foerste, M., 2015. SoCoMo marketing for travel and tourism: Empowering co-creation of value. Journal of destination marketing management, 4(3), pp.151-161. Baker, D.M.A., 2014. The effects of terrorism on the travel and tourism industry. International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage, 2(1), p.9. Dickinson, J.E., Ghali, K., Cherrett, T., Speed, C., Davies, N. and Norgate, S., 2014. Tourism and the smartphone app: Capabilities, emerging practice and scope in the travel domain. Current Issues in Tourism, 17(1), pp.84-101 Mason, P., 2015. Tourism impacts, planning and management. Routledge. Standing, C., Tang-Taye, J.P. and Boyer, M., 2014. The impact of the Internet in travel and tourism: A research review 20012010. Journal of Travel Tourism Marketing, 31(1), pp.82-113 Veijola, S., Molz, J.G., Pyyhtinen, O., Hockert, E., Grit, A., Molz, J.G. and Hckert, E., 2014. Disruptive tourism and its untidy guests: Alternative ontologies for future hospitalities. Springer. Xiang, Z., Magnini, V.P. and Fesenmaier, D.R., 2015. Information technology and consumer behavior in travel and tourism: Insights from travel planning using the internet. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 22, pp.244-249.

Unknown Bacteria Lab Report Essay Example

Unknown Bacteria Lab Report Paper Not all of these tests were performed on every culture, as some were used only for gram positive or gram active bacteria. The tests performed and what constituted a positive or negative test are as follows: Lab day 1; today in lab we obtained the unknown mixed culture 041 and one brain-heart infusion agar (BAA). The first step was the preparation of the medium, the bottom of the BAA dish was labeled with the bacterium number, initials, and section; then divided into four quadrants. The second step, we used the septic technique to transfer a small amount of culture with a flame-sterilized inoculating loop to the first quadrant, flamed and cooled the loop again then transferred a small amount of the culture from the first truant to the second using the quadrant streaking method as illustrated on page 18 of the lab manual, repeating this process until all four quadrants were properly streaked. Lab day 2; we collected our BAA medium and began by identifying the morphology and cell-to cell arrangements of the colonies. Two different colonies were observed, the first colony was yellow in color and larger in size and the white colored colony was slightly smaller in size. As instructed, each colony was prepared for gram staining, one slide for the large yellow colony and one for the smaller white colony. After properly gram staining the slides as directed in chapter six of the lab manual, the smears were examined under the microscope. We will write a custom essay sample on Unknown Bacteria Lab Report specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Unknown Bacteria Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Unknown Bacteria Lab Report specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The findings concluded that the smaller white colony stained purple, signifying that this culture was a gram positive bacterium, with the morphology of grape-like clusters such as staphylococcus. The larger yellow colony stained pink with the morphology of rod shaped bacterium, which indicates this bacterium to be gram negative. To isolate the two unknown microorganisms for further testing, another BAA medium was obtained, the bottom of the dish was vided into two sections and the lawn streaking procedure was performed, as illustrated on page 12 of the lab manual. One side of the BAA medium was inoculated with the gram positive Cisco and the other side with the gram negative unknown bacteria, completing this section of lab by placing the labeled medium into the ICC incubator for 48 hours. Laboratory day 3; a series of tests that were specific to the unknown gram negative and gram positive cultures were performed. Only two tests were necessary for the gram negative bacteria, which included the Underwrote II and the Indolent Dressily test card. Because immediate exults would be obtained from the Dressily test, this experiment was performed first by using a flame-sterilized and cooled inoculating loop to transfer a small growth from the gram negative colony to a clean reaction area of the test card. After 30 seconds, a pink color in this area was observed, indicating a positive result for indolent, the positive result was documented. After properly inoculating the Underwrote II as instructed by our lab instructor, the tube was labeled and placed it in the ICC incubator for 24 hours. There were six different test media that were performed on the gram positive bacteria, starting with the inoculation f the imitation salt agar (MASS) dish, using a flame-sterilized and cooled transfer loop. Two loop transfers of our isolated gram positive bacterium were placed onto the surface of the agar, applying the quadrant streaking technique as illustrated on page 18 of the lab manual, labeled our medium and placed it into the ICC incubator for growth and interpretation. On the sheep blood agar (SABA), the flame-sterilized and cooled loop was used to transfer two loops of the gram positive bacteria to the media. Only one-half of the plate was streaked, the inoculating loop was again and a small portion of the culture from the iris quadrant was used to streak the second quadrant, repeating this step to inoculate the remaining quadrant. Using ethanol-flamed forceps, one Backtracking and one Optician disk were transferred onto the one-half quadrant, spacing the two disks approximately two centimeters apart. In the last step, a flame-sterilized and cooled transfer loop was used to place three stab marks into the second quadrant the SABA media, labeled the dish and placed into the ICC incubator for 48 hours. The Dense dish was spot inoculated by transferring one loop of the gram positive bacteria with the flame-sterilized and cooled inoculating pop to the center of the plate, the media was labeled and placed it into the ICC incubator for growth and future interpretation. The labeled Intercourse fiscals (FEE) broth tube was inoculated as well as the 6. 5%NCAA broth tube by removing the caps from the tubes and placing one loop of gram positive culture into each tube with the flame-sterilized and cooled inoculating loop, mixed the culture in to the broth and replaced the caps. After labeling the bile esculents agar (BEA) slant tube, the cap was removed, one loop of gram positive Cisco was placed into the bottom corner of the slanted agar and the culture was streaked upward, towards the top of the agar, the cap was replaced and all three tubes were placed into the ICC incubator for growth and future analysis. For the final test, two drops of hydrogen peroxide (H2O) were placed on the isolated colony of the BAA medium, observed immediate formation of bubbles, as 02 was produced indicating a positive test for catalane. Final lab day four; the test media were collected for explanation and interpretation, the results are as listed: Gram Negative Intercontinental Dressily test card Positive (+) slide took on a pink color Underwrote II identification system Glucose Positive (+) color changed from red to yellow Lysine Positive (+) color changed from yellow to purple Ernestine change HAS Negative (-) no color change Indolent Positive (+) Admonition Negative (-) no color change Negative (-) no color Lactose Positive (+) color changed from red to yellow Rabbinate Positive (+) color changed from red to yellow Servitor Positive (+) color changed from red to yellow Dilution Negative (-) no color change Appalachian- Negative (-) no color change dominate Urea Negative (-) no color change Citrate color change Unknown 041 Gram Negative is Escherichia coli Gram Positive Cisco BAA (color) White BAA(colony size) Small Catalane Positive (+)formation of bubbles observed Dense Negative (-) no visible reaction to HCI N egative (-) no MASS (growth) Positive (+)visible bacterial growth observed MASS(imitation) Positive (+)partial color/pH change from red to yellow SABA(hemolytic) Gamma (y )no homologies produced Backtracking Negative (-) no zone of inhibition Optician Negative (-) no zone of inhibition Bile Esculents Negative (-) no color change FEE Medium Negative (-) no color change 65% NCAA Positive (+)broth appeared cloudy *Unknown 041 Gram Positive Cisco is Staphylococcus epidermises Discussion The identification of the unknown intercontinental 041 was fairly easy. Once the unknown had been identified as gram positive using a gram stain, there were only two tests used to narrow down the microbes identity. Based on the positive indolent test results, the bacteria identification was limited to two possibilities, either Escherichia coli or Protests vulgarism. After carefully interpreting and recording the results from the Underwrote II and completing the customs key, the gram negative unknown was determined to be Escherichia coli. Identifying our gram positive unknown was a little more difficult due to the extent and various media tests that were involved. However, the positive test results observed for catalane, imitation, 6. 5%NCAA and the fact that there were no homologies produced on the sheep-blood agar (SABA), made it evident that the gram positive unknown was Staphylococcus epidermises. Conclusion The determination of the unknown mix culture 041 was achieved by using a variety of differentiation tests.

Freedom In The United States Essays - Freedom Of Expression

Freedom In The United States Essays - Freedom Of Expression Freedom in the United States No other democratic society in the world permits personal freedoms to the degree of the United States of America. Within the last sixty years, American courts, especially the Supreme Court, have developed a set of legal doctrines that thoroughly protect all forms of the freedom of expression. When it comes to evaluating the degree to which we take advantage of the opportunity to express our opinions, some members of society may be guilty of violating the bounds of the First Amendment by publicly offending others through obscenity or racism. Americans have developed a distinct disposition toward the freedom of expression throughout history. The First Amendment clearly voices a great American respect toward the freedom of religion. It also prevents the government from "abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances." Since the early history of our country, the protection of basic freedoms has been of the utmost importance to Americans. In Langston Hughes' poem, "Freedom," he emphasizes the struggle to enjoy the freedoms that he knows are rightfully his. He reflects the American desire for freedom now when he says, "I do not need my freedom when I'm dead. I cannot live on tomorrow's bread." He recognizes the need for freedom in its entirety without compromise or fear. I think Langston Hughes captures the essence of the American immigrants' quest for freedom in his poem, "Freedom's Plow." He accurately describes American's as arriving with nothing but dreams and building America with the hopes of finding greater freedom or freedom for the first time. He depicts how people of all backgrounds worked together for one cause: freedom. I selected Ray Bradbury's Fahrenheit 451 as a fictitious example of the evils of censorship in a world that is becoming illiterate. In this book, the government convinces the public that book reading is evil because it spreads harmful opinions and agitates people against the government. The vast majority of people accept this censorship of expression without question and are content to see and hear only the government's propaganda. I found this disturbing yet realistic. Bradbury's hidden opposition to this form of censorship was apparent throughout the book and finally prevailed in the end when his main character rebelled against the practice of burning books. Among the many forms of protests are pickets, strikes, public speeches and rallies. Recently in New Jersey, more than a thousand community activists rallied to draft a "human" budget that puts the needs of the poor and handicapped as a top priority. Rallies are an effective means for people to use their freedoms effectively to bring about change from the government. Freedom of speech is coneztly being challenged as is evidenced in a recent court case where a Gloucester County school district censored reviews of two R-rated movies from a school newspaper. Superior Court Judge, Robert E. Francis ruled that the student's rights were violated under the state Constitution. I feel this is a major break through for students' rights because it limits editorial control of school newspapers by educators and allows students to print what they feel is important. A newly proposed bill (A-557) would prevent school officials from controlling the content of student publications. Critics of the bill feel that "student journalists may be too young to underezd the responsibilities that come with free speech." This is a valid point; however, it would provide an excellent opportunity for them to learn about their First Amendment rights that guarantees free speech and freedom of the press. In his commencement address to Monmouth College graduates, Professor Alan Dershowitz of Harvard Law School defended the broad right to free speech. He stated, "My message to you graduates is to assert your rights, to use them responsibly and boldly, to oppose racism, to oppose sexism, to oppose homophobia and bigotry of all kinds and to do so within the spirit of the First Amendment, not by creating an exception to it." I agree that one should feel free to speak openly as long as it does not directly or indirectly lead to the harm of others. One

Definition and Examples of Closed Class Words

Definition and Examples of Closed Class Words In  English grammar,  closed class  refers to the  category of function words- that is, parts of speech (or word classes)- that dont readily accept new members. Contrast with open class. The closed classes in English include pronouns, determiners, conjunctions, and prepositions. See examples and observations below: Examples and Observations [C]losed-class words are those belonging to the grammatical, or function, classes . . .. Function words in English include conjunctions (and, or), articles (the, a), demonstratives (this, that), and prepositions (to, from, at, with). To take one specific case, consider the word and. The essential feature of the word and is that it functions grammatically to conjoin words and phrases, as seen in the combination of noun phrases the woman and the man. Any change in membership in such a class happens only very slowly (over centuries) and in small increments. Thus, a speaker of English may well encounter dozens of new nouns and verbs during the coming year; but it is extremely unlikely that the English language will acquire a new article (or lose a current one) in the coming year (or even in the speakers lifetime). (Adrian Akmajian, et al., Linguistics: An Introduction to Language and Communication. MIT, 2001)Prepositions have gradually expanded their membership somewhat by admitting part iciples such as including, concerning, but the remaining classes are very resistant to the introduction of new items. This has been noticeable in recent years when attempts have been made to find gender-neutral pronouns. (Angela Downing and Philip Locke, English Grammar: A University Course, 2nd ed. Routledge, 2002) Functions of Closed-Class Words Closed-class words or function words are limited in number and act as markers or guides to the structure of a sentence. The role of articles is to signal nouns. Prepositions mark special relationships between persons, objects, and locations. Conjunctions are connectors that link actors or objects, and specify relationships between clauses in the sentence. Open- and closed-class words occupy certain slots in sentences and set up a frame for interpreting the interrelationships between actors, actions, and objects. (Diane McGuinness, Language Development and Learning to Read. MIT, 2005) Open Class Words Evolve to Closed Class Words The closed classes include pronouns (you, them), modal verbs (could, must), determiners (a, the), prepositions (of, in), and conjunctions (and, but). New members of these classes are not added to the language very often. Instead, they tend to gradually evolve from lexical words in a process called grammaticalization. For example, the lexical verb go means to move (toward a goal). But its progressive form be going (to) has evolved into a grammaticalized prospective (future) marker, as in Shes going to love her gift. The movement meaning of go has been bleached out of the grammaticalized version, and so the going in be going to can be considered to be a function word, rather than a content word. The closed classes represent a more restricted range of meanings, and the meanings of closed-class words tend to be less detailed and less referential than open-class words. (M. Lynne Murphy, Lexical Meaning. Cambridge University Press, 2010)

Information Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Information Technology - Essay Example This report declares the Internet presents a number of gains for senior citizens. It is used as a means of communication via E-mail, chat rooms, debate groups, direct messaging, and so forth. It is found that ninety five percent of seniors who use the Internet do so to remain in touch with associates and relatives. Keeping this significant information regarding the Internet usage of seniors Pill Incorporated will have to advertise about its products Liflex and Forevex on the sites of messaging services. Pill Incorporated has two options whether to paste their advertisement of Liflex and Forevex through a banner on the sites of messaging services providing a hyperlink to the official web site of Pill incorporated. Another way is that Pill incorporated can send their email messages about Liflex and Forevex through using the messenger services databases of seniors residing in United States. This paper stresses that the Internet also provides a wealth of health care information that can be predominantly valuable for the seniors when healthiness turns out to be a larger matter and concern. Seventy five percent of elder Internet users collect health care information on line. The search engines like google, yahoo, and dogpile are main sources to access this information. These companies take some amount of money from online sellers depending upon the competition of online sellers of a product to provide the link of their websites on top when a person uses search engines to get information using a key word related to a product.

Discipline-- whether college education is important for future life or Annotated Bibliography

Discipline-- whether college education is important for future life or not - Annotated Bibliography Example The system of mechanization is in fact changing the tectonic sects of education particularly in college and also bringing various changes in thinking and interpretation of issues, which is completely different than the previous times. Clare, S. (2013) University Libraries are Shaping the Future of Learning and Research, The Guardian,retrieved on January 23, 2014 from http://www.theguardian.com/higher-education-network/blog/2013/aug/06/university-libraries-learning-shapes-design In this piece of writing, Clare has hinted at the moribund state of libraries in various universities. According to Diane Job, the Director of Library Services, a library is one of the most important places of growth and progress as far as an educational institution is concerned. As a matter of fact, it is a place of discussion and exchange of culture and religion and a hub in which some of the most significant ideas come up for the first time that goes on to become history later. Thus, it can be said that a college is not only a place for attaining higher education, but an institution that shapes the future life of an individual to a great extent. However, such ideals are on the verge of death and the feeling of being together in an educational institution has become nonexistent. Nevertheless, the hope for better never dies and the old tradition certainly prepare the students for a better life. The authors Clawson and Page certify that higher education is important for individual achievements and also to ensure economic development of a nation. However higher education in USA is undergoing a period of crisis while public funding is falling freely, tuition fees have increased drastically and hence colleges and universities are less inaccessible. The book anlayzes the crisis in higher education and describes the manner in which a strong neo-liberal

Poverty, Education and Health Care Essay Example for Free

Poverty, Education and Health Care Essay Abstract Poverty and education play an important role in access to health care. A low socioeconomic status influences the health of people. This paper provides a general overview of how poverty and education determines access to health care. It provides a description of the consequences of poverty and education on health care accessibility. Finally it provides solutions as how to address the issue. The link between poverty, education and access to medical care has received considerable attention. Health influences all the activities of an individual. All societies are concerned with varying levels of health among their members. They are also concerned about marginalized sections of society have access to health care. Poverty and its effects on society People belonging to poor communities have poorer health outcomes. They have less access to primary care as compared with more affluent residents. They are also less likely to have health insurance and regular doctor. They are more likely to have chronic health problems. They are more likely to get hospitalized for conditions which can be detected and treated at an early stage. Despite an expansive public insurance program these health problems remain. At least 18 percent of Americans are without medical insurance. This means a total of 44 million are without health insurance out of a population of 300 million. An estimated 87 percent of people are covered by government or employee based health care insurance (Cutler, 2004). People with low socioeconomic status face many challenges in maintaining their health. They have a high mortality rate. They are more likely to be suffering from some disease. They have limited health care resources. They live in poor environmental situations. The United States has one of the world’s most impressive standards of living. At least 32 million Americans live below the poverty line. In addition to poor people an estimated 50 million people live in poverty like conditions. Health risk factors like smoking, obesity and sedentary lifestyle are found in poor Americans (Cutler, 2004). They have a higher prevalence of disability and chronic illness. They have a shorter life expectancy. Children belonging to poor families are more likely to be malnourished. Many poor Americans live in houses which have lead paint. This can cause growth problems in children. Poor people eat inexpensive food which is fatty and lacks important nutrients. Poor people cannot afford health insurance coverage. Patients postpone their medical care and they are more likely to go without prescription medicines. Low income workers are at the highest risk of being uninsured because they are ineligible for Medicaid coverage. They work in low wage jobs that do not offer insurance. They cannot afford the high premiums associated with health care insurance. The lack of a usual source of care is another barrier to seek adequate health care. The challenges associated with poverty create conditions that can diminish lifesavings, lower learning ability and reduce physical, mental and emotional well being. All of these factors are a threat to people’s health. Urban areas in the United States have many health care facilities. However poor people cannot make use of these services. The major challenge is the high cost of visiting doctors, medicine and hospital care. Social factors like language barriers and prejudice by providers also hinder the accessibility of health care by poor people. The government also faces challenges in trying spreading health education in poor communities. Health care services are vital for the survival and livelihood of poor people. Illness persists in poor people. It stops people from working and forces them to sell assets. They fall into debt and are lead into a vicious cycle of dependency and poverty. Failure to treat themselves leads to illness and disability. This further reduces the ability to work in poorer households. People living in rural areas are forced to bear high transport costs. This is difficult and expensive for them. The lack of local health centers in rural areas further hinders the ability of poor people to access adequate health care (Crichton, 1997). The huge time that takes for poor people to obtain treatment is one of the greatest barriers which they face. Time away from jobs results in lost income. Health services run by governments are usually inefficient and are characterized by neglect. The quality of service is low. There is shortage of staff. There is no proper medicine and equipment. In many countries there is no safe water to drink. In developing countries there are high costs to health care. Besides the official fees there are corrupt staff members who demand bribes and fees in return for ordinary services. These services can include registration, tests and being given medicine. They can also pressurize a sick person to make unnecessary visits to the hospital. Payment methods are not flexible in many developing countries. Payment usually has to be made in advance and in cash. This causes considerable hardship for poor people (Crichton, 1997). Â  Education and its effects on society Education also plays an important role in health care. Many people with low literacy cannot read and understand directions written on medications. They cannot complete medical consent forms. They have problems in accessing health care and dealing with health related issues. Health literacy is the ability to read and understand words and procedures related to health care. It consists of comprehension, communication and appropriate action. The direct effects of low health literacy are medication errors. The indirect issues can include insurance issues, accessibility to health care and poor health behavior (Shi, 2003). Low health literacy affects people of all ages, races, educational levels and social classes. It is driven by a variety of factors. It is a multidimensional issue. Understanding written materials has been part of extensive health literacy in the past few years. Sensitivity to culture has also become part of health literacy due to the diverse population of the world. Messages and images have to be tailored to meet the diverse beliefs and values of people. Health literacy is concerned with understanding the information necessary to manage health (Shi, 2003). It is estimated that at least 90 million people in the United States cannot read. The health of such people is at risk. Ethnic minority groups are also affected by low health literacy. Older patients, recent immigrants, people with chronic diseases and those with low income are also vulnerable to having low health literacy. Many people with average or strong literacy skills have found medical terminology and concepts confusing. There are many health consequences associated with a low literacy level. Research has found that at least one third of patients have health problems because of failure in taking prescription medication correctly. People with low health literacy cannot comply with prescribed treatments and self care routines. They also have a high rate of failure in seeking preventive care. They are more at risk for hospitalization. They lack the skills to successfully move in the complex healthcare system (Shi, 2003). Patients with low health literacy have glycemic control. They are also more likely to report eye problems caused by diabetes. The annual health care costs for individuals with low health literacy are five times higher than those with higher health literacy skills. People with low health literacy are more likely to use health care services. Additional health care expenditures result from low health literacy skills. People cannot feel part of the social structure. They are also vulnerable to anxiety and other mental disorders. They can also alienate other people. Research has also found that people with low literacy levels are more vulnerable to die. While federal and state lawmakers continue to debate about how to increase access to health care, some of them are thinking of reinsurance system which might be affordable for poor people. In order to understand the concept of insurance it is essential that policy makers understand the concepts, benefits and limits of reinsurance mechanism. Reforms in Health care Reinsurance in health care refers to risk transfer or risk pooling arrangements. These are designed to remove the barriers which low income workers and minorities face when accessing health care. Risk transfer arrangements can help in this matter but they cannot lower health care costs. Policy makers must design policies which encourage participation from insurers and remove incentives to transfer costs to taxpayers. Reinsurance is defined as an insurance company buying insurance itself. The primary insurer is protected against the rare set of circumstances which might produce losses that it cannot fund on its own. Property and casualty insurance are the areas where reinsurance has been successfully implemented. Companies working in these areas can take heavy losses due to natural disasters in a short time period. This induces insurers to buy reinsurance on the commercial market. Poor people cannot afford health insurance coverage. This directly affects their ability to access medical care. Patients postpone their medical care and they are more likely to go without prescription medicines. Low income workers are at the highest risk of being uninsured because they are ineligible for Medicaid coverage (Kling, 2004). Public health plays a vital role in countering the effects of poverty on health care. It also minimizes the disparities in health by income. Public health policies protect the health of the population. It also plays an important role in reducing contagious diseases and providing low cost health services to marginalized sections of society. There are many examples of public health functions. Immunizing babies, improving sanitation, combating sexually transmitted diseases, protecting the environment and containing tuberculosis are some of the public health functions. Public health focuses on reallocating resources to communities which have low incomes. The US government has a network of community health centers, public clinics, school based clinics and health clinics for low income workers, migrants, minorities and homeless people. The National Health Service Corps is an organization which provides services and places physicians in vulnerable communities. Public health services also focus on specific diseases like tuberculosis. They also increase immunization efforts against this disease. They provide services which improve the health of low income families. Neighborhoods are cleaned from lead paint, pollution control and nutrition programs are launched. Women and children are fed through special programs. Poor people with low income and education have poorer health outcomes. They have less access to primary care as compared with more affluent residents. They are also less likely to have health insurance and regular doctor. They are more likely to have chronic health problems (Kling, 2004). Medicaid is the largest public programs that have improved access to health care. It provides health services to low income population. It finances health and long term care insurance for over 40 million low income Americans. Before Medicaid the poor people were essentially without any medical care. They relied on charity of physicians and hospitals. Public hospitals and clinics were also visited by poor people. Medicaid has made health services available to poor people. It has improved their health status and access to quality care. It has also created satisfaction amongst the poor people. Uninsured poor people lag well behind those people who have coverage with Medicaid. People with Medicaid have even fared comparably with private insurance (Kling, 2004). Despite the fact that these programs offer valuable assistance to low income populations, the deficits in access and coverage faced by low income population cannot be easily overcome. Increase in income does produce a substantial contribution to removing health differentials. However this is the need for insurance coverage and support for community based resources to eliminate health disparities by income. Poverty is hazardous for the physical and mental well being of an individual. Low income and homeless people are poor physical functions. They have a high prevalence of health risk factors and chronic health conditions. They also are more vulnerable to depression and other mental disorders. Research has shown that people living in vulnerable communities have a higher rate of being diagnosed with mental disorders as compared with more affluent communities (Kling, 2004). There is a need for prevention, intervention and treatment of diseases for poor people. Welfare reform cannot succeed without taking into account the special health problems of poor people and children. Poverty is associated with depression and other symptoms. It contributes to depression. People with insufficient personal support have no assistance in raising children. They live under the chronic stress of having children but little money to support them. They are at a higher risk for depression. There is a strong link between single-parent status, responsibility for young children, social isolation, and lack of social supports as well as to poverty. Welfare recipients have many barriers towards employment. They have low skills, substance abuse, health limitation or children with chronic medical conditions. They have serious forms of barriers. They have also high level of distress. They seek help from general medical, specialized and human service sources. Poor people with low income and education have poorer health outcomes. They have less access to primary care as compared with more affluent residents. They are also less likely to have health insurance and regular doctor. They are more likely to have chronic health problems. They are more likely to get hospitalized for conditions which can be detected and treated at an early stage. Despite an expansive public insurance program these health problems remain. At least 18 percent of Americans are without medical insurance. This means a total of 44 million are without health insurance out of a population of 300 million. An estimated 87 percent of people are covered by government or employee based health care insurance. Rising health care costs have become unbearable in the world. This is a problem for poor people in the Western countries and the situation is even worse in developing countries. There is a need for reform in the health care system. Many poor people are not covered by health insurance. Critical care medicine in high technology hospitals are only for a small group of patients (Ham, 2004). The first step should be rationing in containing health care costs. Public health care resources are limited. It is not possible to satisfy all medical needs for all people at all times. An appropriate goal for developing countries is to provide basic health care for the people. Some luxury medical procedures must be left for individuals to purchase with their own resources. Â  A basic level of health care must be provided for all people. Providing the best care is practically impossible. The government can however provide a basic level of care. Prevention oriented and ordinary treatment oriented goals must be set for developing countries and their health care systems. Inexpensive medical prevention is more effective and appropriate for poor people. Finally there should be a system of support which should help people with special expensive medicine care. Special foundations should come to the rescue of poor people for emergency and life saving procedures (Cundiff, 2005). Conclusion The health and well being of poor communities is an issue confronting both developed and developing countries. Research has found links between poverty and the health of people. Inside the United States many poor people do not have health insurance. Some of them can’t even think of affording health insurance. They are more concerned with the basic amenities of life. People in developing countries are even worse off. They have access to state hospitals and clinics which do not have trained staff, prescription medicine and advanced hospital care (Cundiff, 2005). A low health literacy rate is also dangerous for the well being of people. It can have adverse negative economic and social impacts. They can die at from treatable causes and get hospitalized because of their lack of health literacy skills. They are also prone to suffering from mental diseases like anxiety and depression. Â  There is the need for health reform in the entire world. Governments must provide a basic level of health care to all citizens. Advanced hospital care must be made available by foundations and donations. Governments working in coordination with community support groups can effectively counter the affects of poverty and low education on the health care of poor people. Some health responsibilities and policies should be transferred to community groups. The international community must help poor countries in developing basic and adequate health care system. References Cutler, David M. (2004). Your Money Or Your Life: Strong Medicine for Americas Health Care System. US: Oxford University Press. Crichton, Anne (1997). Health Care: A Community Concern?. US: University of Calgary. Shi, Leiyu (2003). Delivering Health Care in America: A Systems Approach. US: Jones and Bartlett. Kling, Arnold S. (2004). Crisis of Abundance: Rethinking How We Pay for Health Care. US: Cato Institute. Ham, Christopher (2004). Health Care Reform: Learning from International Experience. US: McGraw-Hill Education. Cundiff, David E. (2005). The Right Medicine: How to Make Health Care Reform Work Today. US: Humana Press.

Electronics :: essays research papers

Electronics The invention of the microprocessor in 1971 was a huge milestone that eventually changed everyone's everyday lives. This invention enabled the world to own a personal computer in their home as well as their office. People were able to work more efficiently and progressively with these new electronic devices.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Electronics today provides the world with an infinite amount of information at a much faster speed than that information would ever have been available before. The American public is dependent on the usage of many electronics in their lives such as the television, audio receivers, and amplifiers to stay updated on world-wide issues. Electronics also provide a superior tool for progression in the business world today. Business people rely on electronics to communicate with each other faster and to store and quickly organize vast amounts of essential data.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Electronics are improving at a blindingly fast rate. The newest technology from five years ago is literally obsolete today. Electronics are also being used for new purposes continuously. The Internet, or World Wide Web, is a relatively new concept of being â€Å"on-line†. This new project has opened a limitless number of doors for our society. Now anyone can use the Internet to communicate with anybody else in the world a lot faster and cheaper. Cellular phones have also appeared recently in the electronic world. These devices allow a person to be reached from practically anywhere. With cellular phones a person can, from then on, be in communication with the world no matter where they go.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For the next generation, electronics will certainly offer new yet simpler technology available to the general public. Home addresses and phone numbers will be replaced with Internet addresses. Business people will be able to have access to tools such as video conferencing and such in their homes. The workplace will ultimately become obsolete. Transportation vehicles will be dominated by electric cars as natural gas supplies decline around the globe. New procedures for creating power will be found and utilized. The current and upcoming advances in technology will create a steady rise of the progression of the everyday living experience.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I plan to enroll in a very prestigious university after high school and major in electrical engineering. I plan to contribute my time during my studies toward new possible designs of electronics and technology. I realize that innovative minds are the backbone of the direction technology will take and,

Blood Clotting Essay

Coagulation, or thrombogenesis, is the process by which blood clots in an attempt to restrict blood loss from an injury site, and repair the damaged vessel. Most of the time clotting is a good thing, however there are circumstances when a clot can form abnormally, leading to heart attack, stroke, or other serious medical problems. A blood clot forms almost immediately after the bleeding occurs, which is possible through enzymes and other substances in blood that respond to breaks in vessel walls. The clot is a temporary fix preventing further blood loss. There are four major parts of blood clot formation. The first step in clotting is the formation of the platelet plug. Platelets are the smallest of the three major types of blood cells whose primary function is to prevent bleeding. When encountering a damaged blood vessel, the platelets become stimulated and rush to the injury site where they clump together, forming a plug and restricting the bleeding. They also release substances to begin the chemical reaction of the clotting process. These chemical reactions are responsible for growing the blood clot. Dissolved proteins, also referred to as clotting factors, are contained within the blood for the purpose of promoting blood clots. These proteins send signals to each other and enhance each other’s activity exponentially at the site of injury, resulting in a rapid chemical chain reaction which produces fibrin, the main protein forming clots. This blood clot formed with fibrin is tougher and more durable than the platelet plug. Once the blood clot forms, it is important that it not grow and spread to the rest of the body, which can cause serious damage. This is where â€Å"anti-clotting† comes in to play. Proteins such as antithrombin, protein C, and protein S, are known anti-clotting proteins and exist in a natural balance with the clotting factors. These substances work to neutralize excess clotting factors, preventing the clot from going to places it should not. The final part of the process is where the clot is slowly broken down by the body. Once the damaged tissue heals, the body gradually degrades the clot and reabsorbs it. The tough fibrin strands in a blood clot are dissolved by an enzyme called plasmin. Plasmin is activated by other substances working together to help the clot break down. The whole process of blood clotting is whenever the blood is exposed to certain substances. These are known as thrombogenic substances because they promote  the formation of thrombus (clot). Many of these substances, such as tissue factor, collagen, and von Willebrand factor, are located in the skin or in the blood vessel walls, typically separated from flowing blood. If they come into contact with flowing blood, this typically means the blood vessel wall is ruptured and bleeding. A clot may also form when blood is not flowing properly. http://www.hematology.org/patients/blood-disorders/blood-clots/5233.aspx http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/blood-clots

Blake’s poems Essay

In some of Blake’s poems strong feelings are expressed about the society that he lives in. William Blake grew up as a conventionally religious person, but when his parents rejected the teachings of the church he began to read the stories from the bible with a fresh mind. Blake never attended school and had a solitary childhood. From the age of four Blades believed that God was speaking to him. . From then on he had many visions of angels and other mystic creatures. Blake was extremely happy when the French Revolution liberated the poor in France from aristocratic rule. However at the same time, Blake saw England being overtaken by a parrallel’Industrial Revolution’. that was destroying the countryside with factories, slums and waste. In this essay I will talk about the poems â€Å"London†, â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper†, (from the Songs of Innocence) and â€Å"Jerusalem†. Blake’s poem â€Å"London† talks about many things, such as, wealthy people having control and owning most things, such as property. We can see this when Blake says â€Å"I wander thro’ each chartered street, near where the chartered Thames does flow.† By this Blake means that there are privileges for people but only if you are rich. â€Å"Chartered† is referring to a document that gave people rights and privileges in return for money or support. Here Blake means â€Å"full of privilege† but only if you had the money to pay for it. Blake disagreed with the idea that if you were wealthy you had a right to privileges but if you were poor you had no rights. Blake creates strong images in the mind of the reader by telling us about shocking events. We can see this when Blake says â€Å"The hapless soldier’s sigh runs in blood down palace walls† This is referring to soldiers being brought in at the time of the ‘Industrial Revolution’ to stop the poor rebelling .We are given a graphic image of blood running down a wall after someone has been shot by a soldier. The word blood signifies to us the idea of guilt and in this case the soldier creates an image of violence. Also the soldier may not want to follow orders and fire on helpless people but knows he may be shot himself if he disobeys. Blake uses contractions that condense an idea, forming vivid and powerful connections. Sometimes he uses a hyphen, and at other times he simply juxtaposes two words to startle the reader. We can see this in the last line of â€Å"London† And blights with plagues the marriage hearse. with the words â€Å"marriage hearse† These words shock the reader because the two words bring up different and opposite images, one joyous and the other sad. The word marriage means the joining together of two people to start a new life together, whilst a hearse is a carriage or car used to carry you in your coffin to your grave. The phrase â€Å"marriage hearse† could be saying that marriage is what leads you to your death. In this case because the â€Å"harlot’s curse†, syphilis and or V.D.,caught by the groom ,from visiting the prostitutes that Blake talks about in his poem can kill the new bride and any children they have. This could also show that Blake was opposed to the idea of marriage which was another form of his rebellion against the churches teachings. Blake often chooses to repeat a word for added emphasis. It is typical of Blake that the chosen word often has more than one meaning. This allows Blake to express more than one idea at a time. A n example of this is when Blake uses the word â€Å"mark† three times on different lines. â€Å"A mark in every face I meet, Marks of weakness, marks of woe.† The first time Blake mentions the word â€Å"mark† it could mean a sign maybe of poverty or struggle however the second time â€Å"mark† is mentioned it means a sign of weakness, such as drunkenness. The last time â€Å"mark† is used it is referring to a scar, a wound. This adds emphasis to Blake’s point because the reader has to think about each meaning to understand the line. It could be argued that Blake was trying to say that the people of â€Å"London† were mentally affected by the horrors of industrialisation. Blake uses grammatically unusual phrases such as the phrase â€Å"mind forged manacles† in his poems. This may be because Blake wishes to create a stronger or stranger image. This is very effective because as with the word â€Å"mark† it creates a very strong image of mental anguish for the people of â€Å"London† This may be saying that the effects of living in a largely populated industrial area are bad for you and causes people to suffer restrictions caused by their own minds and thoughts. Hence the phrase â€Å"mind forged manacles†. The poem is telling us that the chains that hold us are mental chains. Chains of our own making chaining our own freedom of imagination In â€Å"London† Blake uses changes in rhythm to draw attention to certain lines. (Especially in verse two) An example of this is when the pace of the last line of each verse slows down, thus drawing attention to it. In every cry of every man In every infants’s cry of fear, In every voice, in every ban, The mind -forged manacles I hear: We can see that this is also often the same with the order of the verses. The last verse has a slower pace than the other verses. There is an example of this change in rhythm in the start of the fourth verse when Blake starts with the word â€Å"But†. But most, through midnight streets I hear How the youthful harlot’s curse Blasts the new -born infants’s tear, And blights with plagues the marriage hearse. The use of the word â€Å"But† implies that the previous verses were bad â€Å"But† if the last point (child prostitution) was rectified then a lot of things would improve. In the poem â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper† Blake is telling us about child exploitation in large industrial cities such as London. Through focusing on the plight of chimney sweeps. In it he is critisizing society, the church, the parents who allow their children to be used as slave labour and the employers who exploit them. In the poem â€Å"London† Blake was the observer. However in the poem â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper† Blake speaks through the voice of a child. ) This is extremely effective because of the child’s naivety and belief that if he is good everything will be alright. Tom, the child Blake speaks through believes this because, in a dream or vision he has, an angel tells him that â€Å"if he’d be a good boy, He’d have God for his father,and never want joy. . This could be saying that if Tom is good and continues to do as he is told (cleaning chimneys) then he will die and â€Å"have God for his Father†. This could also be irony from Blake by putting the teachings of the church in the voice of a child and telling us that only in the afterlife will he be happy. We know Blake felt that this teaching from the church encouraged the exploitation of the young, the poor and the vunerable. The rhythm of the poem suits its content and purpose because it is in the form of a nursery rhyme. For example, the last word of each verse rhymes with the last word of the line before. When my mother died I was very young, And my father sold me while yet my tongue Could scarcely cry â€Å"Weep! weep! weep! weep! So your chimneys I sweep, and in soot I sleep. This emphasises the innocence of the child saying the poem because it relates to â€Å"childhood fun† which the young chimney sweep never experienced. In â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper† Blake creates multi faceted images through his use of similes. We can see this when Blake says â€Å"coffins of black†. This can mean two things, the first being that the young chimney sweeps will end up in one of the black coffins because their job will lead to their death, or it could also mean that the children are in the chimney which is dark and black and which will kill them. A double meaning in a phrase is typically used by Blake to get more than one of his ideas across. Blake uses an interesting structural device at the start of the poem â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper† this is the word â€Å"SO†. At the end of the first verse the word â€Å"SO† is put in front of the line â€Å"So your chimneys I sweep†. This may be putting blame onto the reader; however it is more likely to be society’s guilt for allowing it to happen. However, in the last verse â€Å"So† is used in the last line in the phrase â€Å" So if all do their duty†. This is blaming society, the Church, parents and the owners of the children. This is because the poem says that if everybody did their duty they would step in to stop the chimney sweeper’s pain. â€Å"So† is also a structural device because after the evidence against society and the Church is shown â€Å"So† seems to condemn them. Blake uses colour to create symbolic contrast in this poem, this is kept going throughout. The colours are white and black. White is used when Blake is talking about innocence, helplessness and youth. We can see this when the young chimney sweep Tom comforts the other child who has had his head shaved so â€Å"the soot cannot spoil your white hair† This is one of many things that show the innocence of a child being destroyed purely for the duties of chimney sweeping. Blake tends to use the words black and soot whenever he is referring to something which is wrong. As when coffins are mentioned, creating the phrase â€Å"coffins of black†. Blake also shows the reader, through a dream or vision, how life should be for the children. This vision creates a strong contrast that emphasises the cruel reality of their lives. We can see this when Tom has a dream or vision, as Blake did as a child, of his friends being set free by an angel and being taken to a better and sunlit place. Instead of a dream being used to describe what Tom sees, the word â€Å"sight† is used. This may be telling us this is the way things should be instead of it only being a child’s dream of happiness. In the vision there is an angel who tells Tom â€Å"if he’d be a good boy, he’d have God for his father,and never want joy†. This could be Blake criticizing the Church for saying you can only be happy and have a good ‘life’ in heaven when you are dead. Blake employs the same tequnique of unusual combinations of words in â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper† as he did in the poem â€Å"London†. This may be because Blake was still trying to get similar points across to the public. In â€Å"London† there are phrases, such as, â€Å"marriage hearse†, Words that do not usually go together. We see the same thing in â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper† when Tom’s friend cries when he has his head shaved and his head â€Å" curled like a lamb This is a simile and creates the image of a small defenceless lamb in pain. The lamb could also be a symbol of innocence and sacrifice, telling us that tithe chimney sweeps are being sacrificed for the benefit of society who want their chimneys kept swept and don’t care how this is done or who suffers. The poem â€Å"Jerusalem† is the last of Blake’s poems I will be looking at. Today Jerusalem is often perceived as a patriotic song but its true message goes much deeper than many people realize. In this poem Blake talk’s mainly about one thing .This is Industrialisation .Blake does this by continuously referring to â€Å"when† England â€Å"was† a â€Å"pleasant land.† The poem Jerusalem has been set to music, which means that the mood is different to â€Å"London† and â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper†. The question s back†. And did those feet in ancient time Walk upon Englands’s mountains green? May be a reference to the legend that Joseph of Arithamea had once brought Jesus to England. This may be a metaphor to say that Jesus’s spirit lives on in England. Blake uses questions to invite the reader to recall England’s past. This is a rhetorical device used to draw the reader s interest into the poem. We can see this when Blake says And was Jerusalem builded here Amoung these dark satanic mills? This could be saying that England was once beautiful and had Holy meaning (like the town Jerusalem) but now is just an industrialized piece of land. The word â€Å"satanic† means, like Satan or a thing in hell. This gives the image of England once being a good place but now it resembles hell. Blake uses imperatives to show the force of his feelings. We can see this when at the start of the second verse the words â€Å"Bring me† are used to start the next four lines. Bring me my bow of burning gold; Bring me my arrows of desire; Bring me my spear; O clouds, unfold! Bring me my chariot of fire! This adds a sense of urgency to the poem as if we must hurry to return ‘our’ country England to its former better state. Blake describes modern industrialisation in dark terms in the last line of the second verse. Among these dark satanic mills? There are two words that create a sense of evil, dark and satanic. The word â€Å"mills† are used as a symbol of England’s industrialisation. The power of Blake’s feeling is expressed through his own personal readiness to take up arms, literally and metaphorically to defeat evil and restore his country to its former glory. We can see this in the forth verse when Blake says he â€Å"Will not cease from mental fight, Nor shall my sword sleep in my hand†. This could mean that Blake intends to keep writing poems to change people’s minds about England, to convince them to return England to the country it once was. Blake has a ‘utopian’ vision of England. The word ‘sword’ creates an image of a knight fighting, so, this may be suggesting the necessity of a physical fight. However this may also be referring to the saying â€Å"his tongue’s razor sharp† which means that Blake would continue to write poems in the belief that ‘the pen is mightier than the sword. The first four lines of the third verse suggest war since they each have weapons in them. These lines also have a mythical feel to them. Blake may see himself as a knight or hero who has come to help save England , but , as with Jesus, in â€Å"Jerusalem† he has not ‘come’ as what people expect, because words are his weapons not swords. In all three poems Blake conveys strong feelings about his society. He writes about the misery of poverty, the exploitation of the young and the helpless, the start of industrialisation and the consequences of sexual sin. In all three poems there are strong themes such as , child exploitation, in â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper†, Poverty in â€Å"London† and industrialisation in â€Å"Jerusalem† With the poem â€Å"Jerusalem† it could be said that it is ironic that a poem that says England is messed up is sung as a patriotic song which says ‘I am proud to be English’ . It could be argued that â€Å"London† is the most important poem out of the three discussed since it talked about the problems of Blake’ s time and the same problems still exist today such as poverty, exploitation of the helpless and prostitution. â€Å"London† is my favourite poem as it mirrors modern day London. The fact that we still have the same problems within society that Blake saw proves that times have not really changed very much .The wealthy still have the most power and in addition to the problems racism, and refugees, fleeing war and death in their own countries . I Blake saw we now have drugs destroying people’s lives, AIDS, think Blake would feel sorrow that all these years later there is still a huge divide between the classes. However’ he would be pleased that there is now education for everybody and working conditions, at least in this country, have improved. So maybe his poems did inspire people to question the justice of their own thoughts and actions.

Free Essays on Bar Responsibility

Take a Sunday morning stroll around the Pine Hills community in downtown Albany and you’ll likely encounter the wreckage of the previous night’s partying. Keep your eye out for broken bottles as you make your way down Quail Street. Notice the scattered plastic cups and beer cans that mark the path, and the bleary-eyed coeds, with disheveled clothes and hurting heads, making the â€Å"walk of shame† home from an unplanned sexual encounter (vivid description). Alcohol-related social and recreational opportunities characterize the college experience: happy hour bonding with classmates, ladies night with the girls, and wine and cheese gatherings. Less often acknowledged is how drinking interferes with the academic character of the campus, the harmony of the neighborhood, and the health and safety of the entire community. Now, here are some sobering facts. A survey performed in the year 2000, by the Core Institute, sampled 55,026 undergraduate students from 132 colleges across the US. 59% of the students surveyed were 20 years old and under. Of the total students surveyed, an astounding 84% reported using alcohol at least once in the year prior to the survey, and 72% within 30 days prior. Of the 32,175 students sampled who are under the age of 21, 82% admitted to using alcohol within a year prior to the survey, and 69% within the past 30 days! On average, per week, freshman and sophomore students drink over 5 drinks. That means that the average number of drinks that a minor is drinking a week is 5! Binge drinking, defined as five or more drinks in one sitting, has become a major problem on college campuses nation wide (definition). 46.5% of students sampled engaged in binge drinking at least once during the two weeks prior to the survey. Do I really need to go into great detail about the consequences of alcohol and binge drinking (rhetorical question)? It’s one of the biggest problems among college students today. 1,40... Free Essays on Bar Responsibility Free Essays on Bar Responsibility Take a Sunday morning stroll around the Pine Hills community in downtown Albany and you’ll likely encounter the wreckage of the previous night’s partying. Keep your eye out for broken bottles as you make your way down Quail Street. Notice the scattered plastic cups and beer cans that mark the path, and the bleary-eyed coeds, with disheveled clothes and hurting heads, making the â€Å"walk of shame† home from an unplanned sexual encounter (vivid description). Alcohol-related social and recreational opportunities characterize the college experience: happy hour bonding with classmates, ladies night with the girls, and wine and cheese gatherings. Less often acknowledged is how drinking interferes with the academic character of the campus, the harmony of the neighborhood, and the health and safety of the entire community. Now, here are some sobering facts. A survey performed in the year 2000, by the Core Institute, sampled 55,026 undergraduate students from 132 colleges across the US. 59% of the students surveyed were 20 years old and under. Of the total students surveyed, an astounding 84% reported using alcohol at least once in the year prior to the survey, and 72% within 30 days prior. Of the 32,175 students sampled who are under the age of 21, 82% admitted to using alcohol within a year prior to the survey, and 69% within the past 30 days! On average, per week, freshman and sophomore students drink over 5 drinks. That means that the average number of drinks that a minor is drinking a week is 5! Binge drinking, defined as five or more drinks in one sitting, has become a major problem on college campuses nation wide (definition). 46.5% of students sampled engaged in binge drinking at least once during the two weeks prior to the survey. Do I really need to go into great detail about the consequences of alcohol and binge drinking (rhetorical question)? It’s one of the biggest problems among college students today. 1,40...

A Study On Classical Conditioning Psychology Essay

A Study On Classical Conditioning Psychology Essay In classical conditioning, an unconditioned stimulus (something that will always lead to a reaction of some type) leads to an unconditioned response (a natural reaction to the UCS). A neutral stimulus (NS) becomes paired with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS). This is also called the Pavlovian conditioning because Ivan Pavlov discovered classical conditioning in an experiment involving dogs. Eventually, the pairing of the NS and the UCS leads to an UCR. The conditioned stimulus (CS), which used to be the NS, will be associated with a response (CR). The CS really has no connection to the response but through the conditioning, the subject learns to associate their conditioned response with the CS. Classical conditioning is a form of learning in which the subject begins to associate a behavior with a certain stimuli. This paper discusses classical and operant conditioning, rephrasing what they are, and explaining them with real-life examples. Classical and operant conditioning are differ ent methods of learning. The two methods have the word conditioning in common. What is conditioning? Conditioning is the acquisition of specific patterns of behavior in the presence of well-defined stimuli. Both classical and operant conditioning are basic forms of learning. Classical conditioning is a type of learning in which an organism learns to transfer a natural response from one stimulus to another, previously neutral stimulus. This is done by manipulating reflexes. Operant conditioning is a type of learning in which the likelihood of a behavior is increased or decreased by the use of reinforcement or punishment. Operant conditioning deals with more cognitive thought process. These two forms of learning have similarities and differences. Their similarities are that they both produce basic phenomena. One such phenomenon is acquisition. Both types of conditioning result in the inheritance of a behavior. One of the most famous of experiments that illustrates classical conditioni ng is Pavlov’s Dogs. In this experiment, Pavlov sat behind a one-way mirror and controlled the presentation of a bell. The bell was the conditioned stimulus. A conditioned stimulus was an originally neutral stimulus that could eventually produce a desired response when presented alone. Directly after the ringing of the bell, Pavlov gave the dog food. The food was the unconditioned stimulus. This means that the food caused an uncontrollable response whenever it was presented alone. That response would be the salivation of the dog. A tube that was in the dog’s mouth then measured the saliva. When the unconditioned stimulus (US) was paired with a conditioned stimulus (CS), it eventually resulted in a conditioned response. Extinction results if there is a decrease in frequency or strength of a learned response due to the failure to continue to pair the US and the CS. Extinction can also occur in operant conditioning. The key to operant conditioning is reinforcement. Reinfo rcement is when a stimulus is presented that increases the probability that the preceding response will recur in the future. If reinforcement is withheld, extinction will occur in operant conditioning. Another factor that is involved in conditioning is spontaneous recovery. That is the reappearance of an extinguished response after the passage of time, without further training. If Pavlov’s dogs did not hear the bell for a few years, and if when they heard it later they drooled, it would be an example of spontaneous recovery. Something similar occurs with operant conditioning. If an animal was conditioned to behave in a certain manor, but then their reinforcement was stopped, that animal may still have a reaction to the stimulus at a much later date. Organisms that are being conditioned through operant or classical conditioning can go through something that is known as stimulus generalization. This is when there is a transfer of a learned response to different but similar stim uli. An example would be if one of Pavlov’s dogs salivated to the sound of a bell that was different from the one that they were originally conditioned with. Stimulus discrimination is another phenomena that occurs with classical and operant conditioning. Discrimination is when an organism learns to respond to only one stimulus and inhibit the response to all other stimuli. It is the reverse of generalization. If an organism hears many different sounds, but is only given reinforcement for responding to only one of the sounds, it learns to discriminate between the sounds. Some of the differences between operant and classical conditioning lie in the extent to which reinforcement depends on the behavior of the learner. In classical conditioning, the learner is automatically reinforced. That is how it learns to respond to a once neutral stimulus. In operant conditioning, the learner must provide a correct response in order to received the reinforcement. Another difference between the two forms of conditioning is the type of behavior to which each method applies. Classical conditioning applies to a behavior that is always wanted. It was Pavlov’s purpose to have the dogs salivate on command. In operant conditioning, a behavior can be learned or extinguished. If you wanted to train a dog not to do something, you would use a form of punishment. Classical and operant conditioning are similar, but they do differ in a few ways. Both are fairly reliable ways to teach an organism to act in a specific manor.

Relegion - Islamic studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Relegion - Islamic studies - Essay Example al Mundhir's vision of "a commander (amir) from among us and a commander from among you."1 and the combination of Umar b. al-Khatab's oath of allegiance and the beating of the Khazraji leader Said b. Ubaida resolved the dispute.2 Despite the general baya that took place in the main mosque shortly after this event, several sahabi from Bana Hahim and al-Shams refused to give Aba Bakr the baya for six months. A significant reason for this delay may have been Abu Bakr's confiscation of the Prophet's significant revenue producing lands and the subsequent denial of the right of inheritance to his relatives on the basis of a purported prophetic saying that prophets "do not bequeath [to heirs." Ali, Al Abbas, Abu As b. Abi Rabia, Aban b'Said and Khalid b. Said are all reported to have delayed giving Abu Bakr the baya until after the death of Fatima, who was buried secretly without the knowledge of the caliph. Ibn Ubaida, the beaten Ansari, who was one of the prestigious twelve nuqaba who fac ilitated the emigration of the Prophet to Yathrib in his time of need, never gave the bya to Abu Bakr and may have been the only sahabi who withheld his allegiance to Umar.3 The second major conflict among the sahaba was the ridda wars whose execution was justified again on the basis of a prophetic hudith over the objections of Umar. These battles pitted Abu Bakr and his Muslim armies against tribes that ranged from advocates of the self-proclaimed prophet Musaylama to Muslims who did not wish to pay the alms tax to the caliph in Medina. Iba Said identifies six men of the fourth tabaqa of sahaba, namely those who embraced Islam after the conquest of Mecca, who participated in the ridawars against Abu Bakr's fiscal policy. Only one of these men, Malik b. Nuwayra. is reported to have been killed, despite his claim that he was not an apostate. All of the remaining five men were captured and pardoned by Abu Bakr, and two of them later played a role in the victory at Qadisiya against the Sasanids. Abu Bakr even married his sister Umm Farawa bint Abi Quhafa to the powerful Yemeni rebel al-Ash-ath b. Qays. who later served with distinction at the battle of Niha vand. Qays b. Makshub, who killed at least two Muslims in the riddo wars, was forgiven by Abu Bakr over Umar's objections. 'Uyayna b. Hisn. who had lied to the prophet during the campaign against Al Taif was "brought back to Islam" by the words of Abu Bakr despite having joined Tulayha's prophetic challenge. The third episode of intra-Moslem violence involved various members of the "pious opposition" Uthman's policies and the Egyptian delegation, some of whose partisans ultimately murdered him. The most flagrant confrontations include the beating of Abdallah b. Masud and Ammar b. Yasir, as well as the banishment of Abo Dharr al Ghifarri to Ribadha. Uthman's harsh treatment of these early sahaba was publicly condemned by Aisha; other sahaba who stirred up protests against the caliph included Talha b. Ubayd Allah and Amr b. As.4 Abdel al Rahman b. Awf, the sahabi on the shura who essentially appointed Uthman as Umar's successor, stipulated that Uthman was not to lead his funeral prayers, a request that was later honoured in